The AMA reference page appears at the end of your paper and lists full information about all the sources you cited. The heading ‘References’ appears at the top, usually centred and bold.
The references are presented as a numbered list, appearing in the order in which they were first cited in the text.
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In AMA citation format, an in-text citation consists of a superscript number in the text that points the reader to the relevant reference on your numbered AMA reference page. You can also mention the author’s name in your sentence, but this is optional.
AMA references contain full information about each source, and they are numbered in the order you first cite them in the text. Each source has only one entry, so if you cite the same source repeatedly, you’ll use the same number each time.
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To write an IEEE reference for a website or webpage, include the name of the author, the page title, the name of the website, the URL, and the date when you accessed it. The access date is included in case the page is changed or removed in the future.
An IEEE in-text citation consists of the same number as the relevant reference. If appropriate, you can include a paragraph number to point the reader to a specific piece of text.
| IEEE format | Author initials. Last name. “Page title.” Website Name. URL (accessed Month Day, Year). |
|---|---|
| IEEE reference | P. Bhandari. “Nominal data | Definition, examples, data collection & analysis.” Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/nominal-data/ (accessed Aug. 11, 2022). |
| IEEE in-text citation | Bhandari [1, para. 3] explains that … |
Continue reading: IEEE Website Citation | Guide with Examples
An IEEE in-text citation consists of a number in brackets included in your sentence. This number corresponds to an entry on your IEEE reference page providing full information about the source.
Sources are numbered in the order they’re cited, so the first source you cite is [1], the second is [2], and so on. If you cite the same source again, it has the same number each time (don’t use ‘ibid.’) and only one entry on the reference page.
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To cite a book in IEEE citation format, include it on your numbered reference page and use the corresponding number for your in-text citation. Include a page number in the in-text citation if you quote or paraphrase a specific passage.
The reference provides the author (initials and last name), title (italicised and written in title case), publisher information, and publication date.
| IEEE format | Author initials. Last name, Book Title, City (and state if in US), Country: Publisher, Year. |
|---|---|
| IEEE reference | A. J. Stewart, A Vulnerable System: The History of Information Security in the Computer Age, Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Univ. Press, 2021. |
| IEEE in-text citation | Stewart [1, p. 55] discusses … |
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A collective noun is a noun that refers to some sort of group or collective – of people, animals, things, etc. Collective nouns are normally not treated as plural, even though they refer to a group of something.
Collective nouns include common nouns like ‘group’ and proper nouns like ‘Google’ or ‘The Rolling Stones’.
A flock of sheep is crossing the road, delaying motorists.
The Beatles broke up when Paul McCartney quit the band.
Continue reading: What Is a Collective Noun? | Examples & Definition
To cite a journal article in IEEE citation format, include it on your numbered reference page, using the corresponding number for your in-text citation. The IEEE in-text citation includes a page number when you quote or paraphrase a specific passage.
The reference on your IEEE reference page lists the author’s initials and last name; the title of the article; the name of the journal (abbreviated); the volume, issue, page range, and publication date; and the DOI if available.
| IEEE format | Author initials. Last name, “Article title,” Journal Name, vol. Volume, no. Number, pp. Page range, Month Year, DOI. |
|---|---|
| IEEE reference | S. M. Mefire, “Static regime imaging of certain 3D electromagnetic imperfections from a boundary perturbation formula,” J. Comput. Math., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 412–441, Jul. 2014, doi: 10.4208/jcm.1401-m4214. |
| IEEE in-text citation | Mefire [1, p. 425] states that … |
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IEEE provides guidelines for formatting your paper. These guidelines must be followed when you’re submitting a manuscript for publication in an IEEE journal. Some of the key guidelines are:
To learn more about the specifics of IEEE paper format, check out the free template below. Note that you may not need to follow these rules if you’ve only been told to use IEEE citation format for a student paper. But you do need to follow them to submit to IEEE publications.
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The IEEE reference page (sometimes called the IEEE bibliography) appears at the end of your paper. It’s where you list full information about all the sources you’ve cited, numbered to match your IEEE in-text citations, so that the reader can find and consult them.
Follow these guidelines to format the reference page:
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A common noun is a noun that describes a type of person, thing, or place or that names a concept. Common nouns are not capitalised unless they appear at the start of a sentence, unlike proper nouns, which are always capitalised.
Common nouns include the names of different jobs, plants and animals, geographical features, ideas, objects, and many other things. They can be concrete nouns or abstract nouns.
Inequality is a major problem in many societies.
The farmer said his name was Tom.
Continue reading: What Is a Common Noun? | Definition & Examples