Published on
2 February 2023
by
Julia Merkus.
Revised on
13 March 2023.
For example is a common phrase used to indicate an example or illustration to support a statement. In writing, it is often abbreviated as e.g. and used to introduce an example or series of examples.
This Latin abbreviation stands for ‘exempli gratia’, which translates to ‘for the sake of example’. The abbreviation should be written with lowercase letters, with a period after each letter, and followed by a comma.
For example abbreviation in a sentenceThe use of informal language should be avoided in academic texts (e.g., theses, research papers, and essays).
I enjoy many outdoor activities, e.g., hiking, camping, and fishing.
During the experiment, participants weren’t allowed to use gadgets (e.g., smartphones, laptops, or smartwatches).
NoteE.g. is often used in parentheses. In academic writing, we recommend using it only in parentheses and writing out ‘for example’ in full in the main part of a sentence. Overuse of abbreviations, although it saves space, can make your sentences look messy.
Published on
9 December 2022
by
Julia Merkus.
Revised on
2 January 2023.
Hope you’re doing well (or hope you are doing well) is a common expression in email communication and other correspondence. It’s used to start an email, greeting the addressee and showing interest in their well-being.
The expression is clear and friendly in tone, so there’s nothing wrong with using it. You can use the phrase both formally and informally, but it’s often used in the context of professional communication.
But since the phrase is so frequently used, it can come across as insincere or cliché. You may want to use an alternative every now and then, especially when you communicate with the same people. Below, we explain alternatives to help you vary your language and strike the right tone in every context.
The terms ‘reproducibility‘, ‘repeatability‘, and ‘replicability‘ are sometimes used interchangeably, but they mean different things.
A research study is reproducible when the existing data is reanalysed using the same research methods and yields the same results. This shows that the analysis was conducted fairly and correctly.
A research study is replicable (or repeatable) when the entire research process is conducted again, using the same methods but new data, and still yields the same results. This shows that the results of the original study are reliable.
NoteA study may be reproducible but not replicable.
A survey of 60 children between the ages of 12 and 16 shows that football and hockey are the most popular sports. Football received 20 votes and hockey 18.
An independent researcher reanalyses the survey data and also finds that 20 children chose football and 18 children chose hockey. This makes the research reproducible.
The researcher then decides to conduct the study all over again. Another 60 children between the ages of 12 and 16 take part in the study. This time the results show that tennis is the most popular sport, chosen 25 times. The research is therefore not replicable.
